{"id":606,"date":"2017-03-09T11:03:31","date_gmt":"2017-03-09T04:03:31","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/demo.prc.maiatech.com.vn\/?p=606"},"modified":"2017-03-09T11:03:31","modified_gmt":"2017-03-09T04:03:31","slug":"chi-nhan-sam-panax-l","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/?p=606","title":{"rendered":"Chi Nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m (Panax L.)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n
1. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0nh<\/em>: M\u1ed9c lan (Magnoliophyta)<\/p>\n

L\u1edbp<\/em>: Hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m (Dicotyledoneae)<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9<\/em>: Hoa t\u00e1n (Umbelliflorae)<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd<\/em>: Nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m (Araliaceae)<\/p>\n

Chi<\/em>: Nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m (Panax)<\/p>\n

2. M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/p>\n

C\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ef1c, kh\u00f4ng gai hay \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1. Th\u00e2n \u0111\u01a1n c\u00f3 s\u1eb9o \u1edf g\u1ed1c. L\u00e1 k\u00e9p ch\u00e2n v\u1ecbt, 3-5 l\u00e1 ch\u00e9t. L\u00e1 ch\u00e9t nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f3 r\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c x\u1ebb th\u00f9y l\u00f4ng chim. C\u1ee5m hoa \u0111\u01a1n \u1edf ng\u1ecdn, c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh t\u00e1n. Cu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi hoa l\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00ednh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp r\u00f5 \u1edf b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c hoa \u0111\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e0i 5, ng\u1eafn, d\u1ea1ng r\u0103ng. Tr\u00e0ng 5, l\u1ee3p. Nh\u1ecb 5; b\u1ea7u 2 ho\u1eb7c 3 (-5) l\u00e1 no\u00e3n; v\u00f2i nh\u1ee5y r\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p \u1edf g\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e1 no\u00e3n. Qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea1ch, h\u00ecnh c\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00f4i khi h\u01a1i d\u1eb9p ho\u1eb7c tam gi\u00e1c. H\u1ea1t d\u1eb9t hai b\u00ean, nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng l\u00e1 no\u00e3n; N\u1ed9i nh\u0169 ph\u1eb3ng. (Xiang and Lowry 2007).<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 13 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u00eau t\u1ea3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c1, v\u00f9ng Himalaya, \u0110\u00f4ng D\u01b0\u01a1ng, B\u1eafc M\u1ef9. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y thu\u1ed1c (Yun 2001; Xiang and Lowry 2007). Panax c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hi L\u1ea1p Pan=all + axos=medicine (thu\u1ed1c)<\/em> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018tr\u1ecb b\u00e1 b\u1ec7nh\u2019<\/em> (Yun 2001).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed3m ginsenosides (hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 panaxosides), polysaccharides, peptides, r\u01b0\u1ee3u polyacetylenic v\u00e0 c\u00e1c acid b\u00e9o (Attele, Wu et al. 1999). Trong \u0111\u00f3 ginsenosides \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u00e2m (Wang, Wang et al. 2005). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 hai lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 Panax ginseng<\/em> C. A. Meyer (S\u00e2m H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c, S\u00e2m Cao Ly, S\u00e2m \u00c1 ch\u00e2u) v\u00e0 Panax quinquefolius<\/em> L. (S\u00e2m M\u1ef9) l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i (Attele, Wu et al. 1999; Attele, Wu et al. 1999; Jia and Zhao 2009), c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c kh\u00e1 hi\u1ebfm v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n do n\u1ea1n khai th\u00e1c b\u1eeba b\u00e3i ho\u1eb7c m\u1ea5t n\u01a1i s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

3. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Shi You (kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 48-33 TCN) hay Shanghan Lun (kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 200 SCN). Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cTh\u1ea7n n\u00f4ng b\u1ea3n kh\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec3n\u201d c\u1ee7a T\u00e0o H\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ed (502-557) c\u00f2n cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vua Th\u1ea7n N\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng 5500 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc (Yun 2001). Nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1eeb kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 11 TCN b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng hoang d\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi vua King In Jong (kho\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1100) vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng tr\u1ecdt v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (Yun 2001). Ng\u00e0y nay, th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u S\u00e2m H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u00e2m c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng G\u01b0m San.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed9 r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, tr\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1 gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do v\u1eady n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u01a1ng y tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 3 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n (c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201cvua\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c (SY 1976). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0110\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i thu\u1ed1c b\u1ed5, tuy v\u1eady trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cB\u00e1ch khoa th\u01b0 d\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea3o\u201d c\u1ee7a L\u00fd Th\u1eddi Tr\u00e2n (1596) th\u00ec nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb 23 ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh. Trong cu\u1ed1n \u201cD\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3n H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c\u201d c\u1ee7a Huh Joon v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1610, nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho 653 (16.6%) trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 3,944 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ed1c (Yun 2001). Ng\u00e0y nay nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u1edf kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Vi\u1ec5n \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 trong v\u00e0i th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 qua \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y (Attele, Wu et al. 1999; Ang-Lee, Moss et al. 2001; Wang and Yuan 2008). Th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea tr\u00ean trang Thomson Reuters ISI Web of Knowledge t\u1eeb 1986 \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 3000 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea3o d\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb r\u1ec5 nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m, h\u01a1n 30 lo\u1ea1i ginsenoside \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n l\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o hai nh\u00f3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 protopanaxadiol (ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, and Rs3) v\u00e0 protopanaxatriol (ginsenosides Re, Rg1, and Rf) (Sun, Gu et al. 2009). C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb vi\u00eam, ung th\u01b0, ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v.v.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, doanh thu h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u1eeb s\u00e2m v\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng 98 tri\u1ec7u USD v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf m\u1ee9c 26%\/n\u0103m (Yun, Lee et al. 2002). T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n S\u00e2m H\u00e0n Qu\u1ed1c (KGC) \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u1ed3ng s\u00e2m h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m, t\u00ednh ri\u00eang n\u0103m 2004 doanh thu t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 mang v\u1ec1 cho t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n kho\u1ea3ng 305 t\u1ef7 Won ($290 tri\u1ec7u USD), trong \u0111\u00f3 70% l\u00e0 m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m. C\u00f9ng n\u0103m \u0111\u00f3, xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1eeb nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1t 55 tri\u1ec7u USD, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 H\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng v\u00e0 Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ee5c (27 tri\u1ec7u USD) (Etherington and Palermo 2006). Virginia v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Virginia l\u00e0 n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u s\u00e2m l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a M\u1ef9, chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 18% trong t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 27200 kg s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u00e2m h\u00e0ng n\u0103m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c. Trong 3 n\u0103m (2004-2006) ng\u00e0nh n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p M\u1ef9 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u h\u00e0ng n\u0103m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea1t 1800 kg, 2270 kg v\u00e0 1633 kg \u0111em l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n 1 tri\u1ec7u USD (Etherington and Palermo 2006).<\/p>\n

T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ang-Lee, M. K., J. Moss, et al. (2001). “Herbal medicines and perioperative care.” Jama-Journal of the American Medical Association<\/u> 286<\/strong>(2): 208-216.<\/p>\n

Attele, A. S., J. A. Wu, et al. (1999). “Ginseng pharmacology: Multiple constituents and multiple actions.” Biochemical Pharmacology<\/u> 58<\/strong>(11): 1685-1693.<\/p>\n

Attele, A. S., J. A. Wu, et al. (1999). “Ginseng pharmacology – Multiple constituents and multiple actions.” Biochemical Pharmacology<\/u> 58<\/strong>(11): 1685-1693.<\/p>\n

Etherington, T. and M. Palermo (2006). “Products and Markets.” Non-wood News<\/u> 13<\/strong>: 1-91.<\/p>\n

Jia, L. and Y. Q. Zhao (2009). “Current Evaluation of the Millennium Phytomedicine-Ginseng (I): Etymology, Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Market and Regulations.” Current Medicinal Chemistry<\/u> 16<\/strong>(19): 2475-2484.<\/p>\n

Sun, B. S., L. J. Gu, et al. (2009). “Simultaneous quantification of 19 ginsenosides in black ginseng developed from Panax ginseng by HPLC-ELSD.” Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis<\/u> 50<\/strong>(1): 15-22.<\/p>\n

SY, H. (1976). “The genus Pananx (ginseng) in Chinese medicine.” Econ Bot<\/u> 30<\/strong>: 11-28.<\/p>\n

Wang, A. B., C. Z. Wang, et al. (2005). “Determination of major ginsenosides in Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng) using, high-performance liquid chromatography.” Phytochemical Analysis<\/u> 16<\/strong>(4): 272-277.<\/p>\n

Wang, C. Z. and C. S. Yuan (2008). “Potential Role of Ginseng in the Treatment of Colorectal Cancer.” American Journal of Chinese Medicine<\/u> 36<\/strong>(6): 1019-1028.<\/p>\n

Xiang, Q. and P. P. Lowry (2007). “Araliaceae.” Flora of China<\/u> 13<\/strong>: 489-491.<\/p>\n

Yun, T.-K. (2001). “Brief Introduction of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer.” J Korean Med Sci <\/u>16<\/strong>: 3-5.<\/p>\n

Yun, T. K., Y. S. Lee, et al. (2002). “Active anticarcinogenic compounds in Panax ginseng CA Meyer.” International Journal of Cancer<\/u>: 305-305.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ths. Ho\u00e0ng Gia Trinh<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

1. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i Ng\u00e0nh: M\u1ed9c lan (Magnoliophyta) L\u1edbp: Hai l\u00e1 m\u1ea7m (Dicotyledoneae) B\u1ed9: Hoa t\u00e1n (Umbelliflorae) H\u1ecd: Nh\u00e2n s\u00e2m (Araliaceae)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[47],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/606"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=606"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/606\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":607,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/606\/revisions\/607"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=606"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=606"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=606"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}