{"id":777,"date":"2017-04-05T09:26:09","date_gmt":"2017-04-05T02:26:09","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/demo.prc.maiatech.com.vn\/?p=777"},"modified":"2017-04-05T09:26:09","modified_gmt":"2017-04-05T02:26:09","slug":"da-dang-sinh-hoc-va-da-dang-di-truyen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/?p=777","title":{"rendered":"\u0110a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n\n
\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 mai sau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111ang b\u1ecb th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec3m ho\u1ea1 to l\u1edbn do c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. S\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u00e0y nay l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n
\n<\/strong>Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “\u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh v\u1eadt” hay “\u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cu\u1ed1i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 60, \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 70 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc do Raymond F. Dasmann \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 Thomas Lovejoy gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Bruce Wilcox n\u00eau l\u00ean trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean minh Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf B\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean (IUCN) t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb C\u00f4ng vi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u0103m 1982 t\u1ea1i Bali nh\u01b0 sau “\u0110a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh v\u1eadt (ph\u00e2n t\u1eed, c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3, lo\u00e0i, h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i)…”
\nV\u1ec1 sau, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c d\u00f9ng trong C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc \u0110a d\u1ea1ng Sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh Tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t Li\u00ean h\u1ee3p qu\u1ed1c, n\u0103m 1992 \u1edf Rio de Janero nh\u01b0 sau “\u0110a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i tr\u00ean c\u1ea1n, trong \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i th\u1ee7y v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n; bao g\u1ed3m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong lo\u00e0i, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i”.
\n\u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111a \u0111\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong Lu\u1eadt \u0110a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc “\u0110a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 gen, lo\u00e0i sinh v\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean”
\n\u0110a d\u1ea1ng lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00f9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110a d\u1ea1ng lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ed9t hay nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau.
\n\u0110a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di truy\u1ec1n trong m\u1ed9t lo\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3 ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n x\u00e3. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 h\u1ee3p tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1n c\u1eb7p baz\u01a1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ax\u00edt nucleic, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u00e3 di truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

2. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n
\n<\/strong>\u0110a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn lai t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng, lo\u00e0i m\u1edbi; \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 lo\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng khai th\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf; \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 lo\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khai th\u00e1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p.
\nGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf ba m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh (FAO, 1996):
\nGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh (Portfolio Value): \u0110a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf quy m\u00f4 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp b\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c.
\nGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn (Option Value): \u0110a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng do vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1eefu \u00edch nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ng s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh hay t\u00ednh th\u00edch nghi. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00fd, hi\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean di truy\u1ec1n th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch nghi.
\nN\u0103m 1946, gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa m\u1ef3 l\u00f9n Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n Norin 10 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u0103ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t l\u00faa m\u1ef3. C\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa tr\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc \u1ea5n \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1ng s\u00e2u, b\u1ec7nh cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00faa b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2u \u00e1 l\u00ean 30% gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1981 v\u00e0 1986 (FAO, 1996).
\nGi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c (Exploration Value): \u0110a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 kho d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i hoang d\u00e3 l\u1eabn c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.
\nNgo\u00e0i ra, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 (th\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee9c, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed) v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c; song v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i (Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng Ngh\u0129a, 1999).<\/p>\n

Xem t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y<\/a><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

TS. Tr\u1ea7n Danh S\u1eedu<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t, t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[38],"tags":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/777"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=777"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/777\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":778,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/777\/revisions\/778"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=777"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=777"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prc.org.vn\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=777"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}